Blood

Functions:

- transport of breathing gasses, hormones, nutrients, enzymes and waste products to the kidneys, lungs and skin

- regulates body temperature, pH and electrolytes -

- protect body aginst invaders - immunity

- restrict lost of the fluidb

- responsible for blood clotting - to stop blood bleeding

Blood composition:

- red, opaque, viscously fluid

- total blood volume in the average adult is about 5-7 litres - 10% of body weight

   1. blood plasma - fluid portion

• form 55% of the total blood volume
• straw coloured liquid consisting of 91-92% of water, 8-9% dissolved substances, such as:
  • plasma protein (7-9%) - albumins > regulate osmotic pressure, maintain  normal blood volume and pressure, globulins A, B > transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins, Γ globulins > include antibodies that help fight off infection, provide us immunity, fibrinogen > its responsible for ability of blood to clot
  • fats, sugar
  • solds in the form of ions Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃^-, Cl^-
  • uric acid, uree

2. blood elements

- solid portion - 45% of the total blood volume

• red blood cells = erythrocytes
• white blood cells = leucocytes
• platelets = trombocytes

hematocrit = the percentage of the blood elements and blood plasma per given volume of the blood( men = 44 +- 5 %, women = 39+-4%, in newborn is 10 % higher than in adult), is used to indicate doping in sportsmen because when it is positive, its value increase

glycemia = is the concentration of glucose in the blood > on an empty stomach = 5.1 - 6.5 mmol/l

physiological solution = saline solution = 0.9 % of the NaCl solution